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ENGLISH LESSONS

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VELIKI NOVGOROD-THE CITY OF THE CHURCHES

Last summer I visited Veliki Novgorod,the city of the birth of  democracy after Jesus Christ.Situated closer to Saint Petersburg and about 500 km away from Moscow and on the bank of the river Voljov throughout its history had ups and downs.There was a time when Veliki Novgorod was independent and powerful,One of the famous episodes in the city´s history is Battle on the banks of river Neva against Swedish army.Under command of the prince of Novgorod Alexandr Yaroslabich,named Nevski in 1240 the Swedish army was defeated and thus Novgorod gained more power and more lands.In the begining of Xth century the princes of Novgorod conducted military campaign against Constantinople,in order to protect equal commercial rights with Vizantium and thus as a result,there was an integration of the slavik tribes into Kiyevskaya Rus.
Those days up to year 1478 cathedral bells were calling people to gather  on the main square "veche"-an ancient kind of parlament ,conducted by aristocratic families to discuss and vote for or against any state affairs .The city walls were defending from any attacks for many centuries and if I'm not mistaken,at first the walls and the towers were made of wood,later on from white stone and then from red brick.Kremlin was built during the reign of Yaroslavl the Wise and mentioned first time in the chronicles in 1044.

Out of three St.Sofias in the world one of them is here in Veliki Novgorod inside of the kremlin.

One of the dramatic periods of the city was the invasion of zar Ivan the Terrible,when by his order the troops were destroying and looting the city,killing and executing anybody who could oppose and resist the invasion.According to the legend,one of the pigeons sat on top of the cross of the golden dome of St.Sofia.Watching the atrocities commited by Moscovites it couldn´t put up with it and got petrified.And if this petrified pigeon falls Novgorod will succumb.

Come and enjoy.


Emergiendo como el centro político de pueblos eslavos y fino-ugrios en la mitad del siglo X, la historia de Nóvgorod está estrechamente enlazada con todos los acontecimientos importantes de la vida del Estado ruso. En la época cuando el estado Ruso se iba formando, los novgorodenses invitaron al príncipe Riúrik para hacer orden y ley. Desde Rúrik nació la famosa dinastía de los zares rusos, que gobernaron en Rusia más de 750 años. A principios del siglo X la compañía militar de los príncipes de Nóvgorod contra Constantinopla para proteger las relaciones comerciales iguales con Bizancio resultaron la integración de las tribus eslavas orientales en la Rus de Kiev.
La adopción del cristianismo en el siglo X trasformó Nóvgorod en un fuerte centro eclesiástico.
Durante más de seis siglos y hasta 1478 todas las decisiones vitales en su vida y política exterior fueron tomadas por el "veche", un antiguo parlamento constituido por los representantes de las familias aristocráticas de Nóvgorod. Finalmente todo el pueblo de Nóvgorod tomaba parte en el veche.
En esta ciudad se encuentra la Catedral de San Nicolás y la Catedral de Santa Sofía de Nóvgorod. Esta ciudad cuenta con un Kremlin que fue construido durante el reinado de Yaroslav I el Sabio y fue mencionado por primera vez en las crónicas del año 1044. La urbe cuenta también en su interior con la ciudadela más vieja de Rusia, situada en el corazón de la ciudad, además de ser un centro cultural y religioso.
Según la leyenda, durante la conquista de la ciudad por parte de las tropas moscovitas de Iván el Terrible, una paloma se posó en lo alto de la cruz que corona el domo dorado de la Catedral de Santa Sofía. Al ver los horrores cometidos por las tropas moscovitas, la paloma se quedó petrificada sobre la cruz. Según esta leyenda cuando la paloma cayese, Nóvgorod sucumbiría.

Disfrutad

THE TREASURE OF THE BALTIC SEA

Hi guys.
This time I´m going to talk about this marvelous city of St.Petersburg,city of channels and sculptures of liones and many other monuments.I really think it´s the one of the most beautiful cities in the world and many people call it "Venice of the North",but I think it should be the opposite:Venice has to be called "St.Petersburg of the South".
Since it was founded by Peter the Great,the city became cultural,political center of Russian Empire.For a long time it was a capital of Russian Empire.Many European and Russian architects were invited to build beautiful and luxurious palaces and temples

Throughout the history this city went through several turmoils like Great October revolution,when the bolsheviks came to power and the zar was abdicated and Russian Empire ceased to exist,instead The U.S.S.R. was created.During the Great Patriotic War(WWII) the city was under siege. The German troops cut off food supplies to the city  and St.Petersburg went through 900 days of blockade.Over 1,5 million people died from hunger and bombing.
But today St. Petersburg makes us admire its beauty.How can we forget the world famous museum- Ermitage,with its magestic,imperial square.When you are in there,you get the feeling of the greatness of that epoch.Walking through rooms you´re admiring the paintings and sculptures of famous artists from different centuries.

This cathedral is called Spas na Krovi,because in 1881 zhar Alexsandr II was killed,and his son built it to honor his father.

If you take a boat you´ll enjoy nice sightseeing and also you can go to Petergorf,the residence of the zars,with its cascades,beautiful fountaines with golden statues, awsome palaces and gardens full of beautiful flowers,I can talk about my impressions for hours,but it´s better to come and see it by yourself and enjoy it.

Chicos,esta vez voy a hablar de San Petersburgo,una ciudad maravillosa y preciosa;el tesoro del mar Báltico o como los rusos le llaman-la capital del norte.Muchas veces llamamos esta ciudad Venecia del Norte,pero para mi es al revés,Venecia tiene que llamarse San Petersburgo del Sur. Desde que fue fundada por Pedro Grande,la ciudad se convirtió en el centro cultural y político de Rusia zarista.Muchos arquitectos europeos fueron  invitados para construir preciosos palacios ,pero también esta ciudad  ha visto muchas turbulencias históricas;la grandeza del imperio ruso y a los principios del siglo veinte lo que ha hecho caer el imperio fue la gran revolución de octubre,cuando vinieron al poder los bolsheviks y así empezó la era del comunismo como nosotros llamamos equivocadamente,
Durante la segunda guerra mundial la ciudad estaba 900 días bajo el asedio de los nazis.Ellos cortaron el abastecimiento de la alimentación y así  murió un millón y medio de la población de la ciudad del hambre y del bombardeo.
Pero hoy la ciudad nos hace admirar su preciosidad.Y no podemos olvidar del gran museo Ermitage,con sus pasillos formidables y  miles cuadros y estatuas de los famosos artistas del pasado.
Podéis dar una vuelta con el barco a Petergorf.La residencia de los zares con sus palacios maravillosos,fuentes con las estatuas de color del oro,parques preciosos lleno de flores y fuentes.
Gente,yo puedo hablar de mis impresiones horas y horas,pero les sugiero venir y ver todo esto con sus propios ojos.

MOSCOW-ROME OF THE EAST/MOSCÚ-ROMA DEL ESTE

Hi guys.I´d like to tell you about my impressions living in this great city.Here is mix of everything for different kind of taste,interests and if it´s possible to say,it´s kind of "criscrossing".If you like history,here are plenty of sightseeing you can do.Number one is Red Square,even so it´s not transleted correctly.In old Russian "krasna",means beautiful.You can enjoy walking and observing the impressive towers or visiting St. Basil cathedral with its I would rather say colorful and original domes.Go inside the Kremlin and see Tsar-Pushka,huge cannon or Tsar-Kolokol,enormous bell.Also you can visit several churches and cathedrals with their golden domes.Then you can walk in Tverskaya street,one of the major arteries of Moscow which flows into Red Square.There are many interesting buildings,or take Teatralnaya where is the concentration of theatres and one of them Is world famous Bolshoi theatre.That street leads you to Lubyanka,where´s the famous KGB now is FCB(FSS) building is located.But if you´re around the subway station Teatralnaya,then you can take Bolshaya Dmitrovka and walk up to the street and parallel to that there´s a long and beautiful and full of life street with historical buildings and full of cafes and restaurants where you can take a breath and enjoy a nice meal in the restaurants of international cuisine or a cup of coffee or tea(unfortunatley I don´t remember the name of the street).And it´s all for pedestrians,no cars allowed.

Or you can spend a wonderful time in Bolshaya Ordinka full of 18th and 19th ccenturies buildings.There´s Tretyakovskaya gallery close by, with huge collection of treasures of Russian painters.

And of course,how can we forget about Moscow´s Subway(underground).I´m not afraid to say;-it´s the most beautiful subway in the world.Most of the stations make you feel,like you´re in underground museums,You´re admiring looking at the statues, mosaic works and marble columns.

If you´re shopholik than you´re not going to be disappointed.Moscow is full of brand-name,classic or modern designed shops.And it´s so difficult to resist the desire to get in.
And if you´re looking for some kind of adventure then you´re in right place. Moscow´s night life offers you variety of bars,pubs or night clubs where you can relax and have fun and enjoy good company.And obviously Russian beauties.If you´re married,you might forget about it 😏.
Now is getting warm and you can take riverboat trip on Moscow river and see the city from different angle. Enjoy your staying

Hola chicos
Me gustaría contarles sobre mis impresiones sobre Moscú,ciudad maravillosa y bella,lleno de monumentos históricos . Moscú es para la gente con diferentes intereses y si es posible decir-para cualquier sabor.Aquí se cruzan histórico con el moderno.Si les gusta historia,hay un montón de lugares para visitar.Obviamente lo primero es la Plaza Roja con sus torres de ladrillo rojo,iglesias con las cúpulas de color de oro el cañon-Tzar y la campana-Tzar,catedral de San Basilio ,y que por un error cometido no está traducida correctamente.En el antiguo ruso "krasna" significa guapa.O podéis dar un paseo por Teatralnaya,donde se concentran unos teatros y entre ellos el más famoso-Bolshoi;la casa de ballet clásico y espectáculos inolvidables como ,El lago de los cisnes. Andando por Bolshaya Dmitrovka,llegáis a una calle paralela(que desgraciadamente no me acuerdo como se llama),llena de cafés y bares y también edificios históricos.Y lo mejor es que esta calle es solo para los peatones. Podéis disfrutar la música en la calle o tomar un café en la terraza.Igual las calles Bolshaya y Malaya Ordinka con edificios de los siglos XVIII-XIX.Y ahí se encuentra el museo Tretyakovskaya,dónde se presenta a público los cuadros de los artistas rusos de los pasados siglos.
Obviamente no podemos olvidar del metro de Moscú.No voy a equivocarme si digo que es el metro más bonito del mundo.En muchas estaciones parece como que estas en el museo,con sus columnas de mármol,estatuas y mosaicos.
Moscú ofrece una variedad tremenda de la vida nocturna;bares,cafés,clubes,son muy tentativas.Y las rusas tan guapas y bellas.y si eres un hombre casado,podría ser que en un momento puedes olvidar de tu obligación de ser fiel))).
Y ahora la temperatura sube y será una buena idea a dar un paseo por el río de Moscú en el barco.
Disfrutad

AIRCRAFT PICTURES

AIRCRAFT PICTURES

Reading The Signs – What Do They All Mean?

Flying thousands of kilometres can be a lot easier than finding your way around an airport. When you look at the window while taxiing, you’ll see all sorts of lines, lights and signs. This blog is for everyone who has ever wondered: what do they all mean? And what are the challenges when “driving” an airplane?

(Photo: Dennis Dieleman)

It may sound strange, but one of the greatest challenges for pilots and air traffic controllers is to maintain an orderly flow of traffic on the ground. Aircraft are designed for flying, not for driving. There are three obvious reasons for this:

1. An aircraft is wide. Up to 70 metres wide, in fact. Pilots can usually see their wingtips from the cockpit, but the distance makes it very difficult to see where exactly the wing ends. To complicate matters, aircraft have so called “swept wings”, which is aerodynamically indispensable, but presents complications on the ground. When steering to the left, for instance, an aircraft first sweeps its wing further out to the right! Give it some thought… ;)

2. An aircraft is also very long. The nose wheel, which is used for steering on the ground, is often located far behind the cockpit. This means pilots first have to pass the actual turn before making their turn, especially when negotiating tight turns and narrow taxiways. If they fail to do so, the aircraft’s main undercarriage could end up in the grass.

3. An aircraft is also very heavy, which presents a major challenge when manoeuvring on the ground. To make a tight turn on the ground, we need quite a bit of thrust. That can be pretty dangerous when you’re near baggage containers, smaller vehicles or stairways, which could quite easily get blown over. We also have to keep a sharp look out for de/boarding passengers, as well as other aircraft that may be manoeuvring with their engines running.

And then we have to find our way around. That may sound pretty easy, but it often isn’t. We know our way around Schiphol airport, of course, but we certainly don’t see any other airports on a daily basis. There are so many destinations and it’s impossible to memorise all the local regulations.

(Photo: Andre van Haarlem)

That’s right, every airport has its own specific rules, which are mainly dictated by the layout of the runways and taxiways. Most airports have standard routes for departing and arriving flights, but these routes vary depending on the runways that are in use, and this is in turn dictated by the prevailing winds.

Some taxiways are reserved for one-way traffic, while other taxiways have restrictions in terms of maximum wingspan, weight etc. Sometimes these rules and restrictions are signposted along routes, but we often have to check our airport map for this kind of information.

Lines

There are, of course, all sorts of lines, lights and signs to guide us around.

(Photo: Marco Spuyman)

White lines are usually reserved for runways. The same goes for white lights, which mark the runway’s edges and often run along the centre line too.

Yellow lines are used for taxiways. These sometimes also have edge lights, which are blue. Green lights are used to mark the centre line of a taxiway. The lights are embedded in the asphalt. You can feel the nose wheel bumping over them as you follow the line.

(Photo: Marco Spuyman)

Names

Taxiways have names, just like ordinary highways. This may be little more than a letter, sometimes in combination with a number (e.g. N4), but other descriptors such as “inner” or “outer” may also be used, or orientations such as “North”, “East” etc. Before take-off and landing we take a very close look at the route on the map (usually on our iPad nowadays), so that we don’t run into any surprises. Yellow signs are generally used to indicate the names of taxiways.

(Photo: Marco Spuyman)

As we approach a runway, there is a red sign marked with two digits (e.g. 05). This number is also painted on the runway in giant letters. This tells us that we are approaching Runway 05, which gets its name from its orientation, rounded off to the nearest tenth, which means the bearing is approximately 050 degrees (i.e. northeast). If we were at the other end of this runway, we would see a sign marked “23”. Because runways are dead straight, the bearing in the opposite direction would be 230 degrees. It bears mentioning that runways oriented north are marked “36” and not “00”.

If there are parallel runways, an extra letter is added. Schiphol has no fewer than three parallel runways oriented north-south. Most people know these as the Polder, Zwanenburg and Aalsmeer Runways, but pilots refer to them as 36L/18R, 36C/18C (centre) and 36R/18L.

In short, taxiing is a lot more complicated than it might seem and your journey is only over once we are neatly parked and the engines have been turned off. And speaking of parking, this also demands precision. Not too far, not too near, straight down the centre line, otherwise it might be impossible to connect the gate to the plane. There’s an electronic sign to guide us, indicating how many more metres we need to roll forward and whether we’re neatly on the centre line.

(Photo: Marco Spuyman)

And if the electronic sign isn’t available, there’s always to good, “old-fashioned” marshal, holding up his two “ping-pong bats”, directing us to our parking bay.

I hope this blog has given you some insight into the different signs, lights and markings at airports. Maybe if you look out of the window on your next flight, you’ll have something to amuse yourself and the taxiing won’t seem as endless. But that’s a topic I’ll save for my next blog.